Monday, December 30, 2019

Cloning Is The New Black - 2527 Words

Michael Woodcock Professor Theis Research Paper 8 December, 2014 Cloning is the New Black Cloning could potentially allow advances in science that will benefit society as a whole. Cloning of both humans and animals can help advancements in curing a variety of diseases. Those who oppose this proposition believe it is morally and ethically wrong. Proponents for cloning animals know that it can allow for a healthier lifestyle and help maximize production numbers, while opponents think that the technologies will be abused. Cloning has caused a number of arguments. Individuals are arguing what is morally acceptable, the roles animals should play, and how the government should decide on the issue. Because of these disagreements, cloning has†¦show more content†¦After much debate, they had agreed that research and applying these methods will show promise and benefits to better human health while mindful to the ethical concerns and maintaining defense for human rights (United Nations). Cloning shows a promising future in the medical field. Scientists have faith that ste m cells show reassuring sources for advance remedies. With recent advances in research, scientists can possibly create cures for several diseases and create stand in tissues developed from a subject’s body cells (Follow-up). Stem cells are known for their wide variety of uses. Because of this characteristic, scientists can do almost anything with them making them beneficial to medical research. Eventually, scientists hope to manipulate cells into a wide variety of organs and tissues to help treat people with an assortment of illnesses. Once researchers can understand what causes these diseases, they will eventually be able to prevent them with genetic engineering. Recently, Israeli scientists announced that they have managed to grow embryonic cells to create specific organ cells like those from the heart and pancreas (Hope). President Obama reinforces the idea that â€Å"these tiny cells may have the potential to help us understand, and possibly cure, some of our most devast ating diseases† (Follow-up). Although many might believe humans should go by the principle that only the strong survive, there are individuals who think it is inhumane

Sunday, December 22, 2019

William Shakespeare s Othello, Desdemona And Othello

Consumed with... What are symbols and why are they viewed differently by individuals. For example, a marriage between to people that love each other is represented by the vows said by each, the rings placed on the finger, and the commitment honored before God. In the play â€Å"Othello†, Desdemona and Othello married, they desired to share their life together, and even consummated the marriage through sex, but their views of love differ. Let me explain the opposition of how the audience may view the handkerchief as Symbols and also how the symbols have different meaning between the characters in the play. What did the handkerchief mean to both Othello and Desdemona. Was the handkerchief a symbol of Christianity or paganism of magic. How did the handkerchief effect the moral nature of others as it passes between characters. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief as a first gift, the handkerchief to be represented as a token of his love and belief that he was loved by his wife. â€Å"Kiss and talk† meaning Desdemona did cherishes the gift from her husband. But why did Othello believe that it took a symbol such as the handkerchief to prove love. I believed Desdemona loved her husband and truly honored their married with all her heart, â€Å"The heavens forbid. But that out loves and comforts should increase even as our days do grow†(II. i. 188-190). As well as i feel that Othello loved his wife and was able to express through verbal expressions. Othello says to his wife, â€Å"Amen to that,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, Desdemona, Emilia, And Bianca949 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s play Othello, there are only three women characters; Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca. In this play, women are viewed as possessions to the men, causing critics to argue that the women to have no control of their lives. Women were viewed as their husband’s property, not being able to make their own decisions and listening to what their husbands told them to do. They were not seen as a human nor were females seen as being equal to men. Throughout Shakespeare’s Othello the three women showRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare757 Words   |  4 Pages The Tragedy of Othello by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare uses many literary devices to enhance and provide greater complexity in his works. More specifically, the theme, symbolism, and dramatic irony are used to enrich Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello. The plot is definitely engaging but the theme allows for an universal human correspondence, furthering the depth of the author’s message. The element of symbolism contributes to the theme of Shakespeare’s tragedy. Symbolism expressesRead MoreBetraying and Lying in Othello by William Shakespeare1726 Words   |  7 Pagesthe root of all evil today. People have made it an everyday thing to lie and betray people just because they like to see people broken in misery. People also lie and betray people because of jealousy they may have towards them. The tragedy of Othello explains why some people are not trustworthy. Just because some people feel like they are miserable, they try everything in their power to make the other individual miserable as well. Enemies come in different colors, shapes, and forms, making itRead MoreEssay about Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello1450 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeares Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   Othello features jealousy as the dominant motive for action and therefore just as reflected in real life we bare witness to jealousy influencing the characters of Iago, Brabantio, Roderigo, and Othello. In this essay I shall be attempting to examine this theme in depth drawing comparison between jealousy and the consequential action.   The dominance of jealousy as the chief causative force of action in the drama is very obvious to most critics. In William Shakespeare:Read MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Othello 1119 Words   |  5 Pagesplay â€Å"Othello†, by William Shakespeare and film adaption by Oliver parker explores the idea of how an individual’s sense of identity affects their actions and how this can be manipulated to create conflict . Shakespeare uses techniques such as soliloquies, dramatic irony, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism to show us how tragedy occurs from counteracting to patriarchal rules and stereotypes. Identity is a very key, important thematic issue in William Shakespeare s tragic play, â€Å"Othello†. IdentityRead MoreThe Concept Of Iago By William Shakespeare1163 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Concept of Iago† William Shakespeare’s plays all have a common theme: death. There is almost always death, and the play of â€Å"Othello† is no different since it ends in a â€Å"tragedy.† It begins with a man named Iago who speaks to Roderigo of how he should have received the position of lieutenant that was instead given to Cassio, a inexperienced man in his words, by Othello, the General. Iago shows distaste towards Othello, the play then goes through the story of Iago attempting to receive the positionRead MoreOthello As A Tragic Hero872 Words   |  4 PagesVenice, Othello is transformed into a crazy, senseless man. William Shakespeare uses the idea of a tragic hero in almost all of his dramas. A tragic hero can be described as a person of high status who is neither completely good nor completely evil, possesses a tragic flaw, and leaves this flaw to be the reason for his/her downfall. Othello believes he can trust one of his soldiers, Iago, who is determined to seek reveng e on Othello for not promoting him to be a lieutenant. Othellorsquo;s temperRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man, and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make aRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pageswork. However, for many centuries the writer has also been seen to have a diagnostic function, scrutinizing the ills of their society and portraying them for the world to see. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, was an English playwright, poet and acto r, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s most distinguished dramatist. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other verses. His

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Utilitarian Ethics Free Essays

OPTION â€Å"A† Write a ‘contrast’ essay dealing with the major distinction between utilitarian and deontological reasoning. Make reference to all relevant aspects of the two positions including the ‘act’ and ‘rule’ versions along with pertinent examples that clarify your answer. The major distinction between Emmanual Kant’s deontological reasoning and Mill’s utilitarian reasonsing is that deontological reasoning refers to duty, which is usually determined without regard to circumstances or consequences where as utilitarian reasoning always considers circumstances and consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarian Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now A good case can be made that classic deontological theories, like Kan’t categorical imperative, are just utilitarian theories very well disguised. Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is an ethical system that is most often attributed to philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. Utilitarianism believes that the most ethical thing to do is to maximize the happiness within a society. Utilitarian’s believe that actions have calculable outcomes and that ethical choices have outcomes which lead to the most happiness to the most members of a society. Utilitarianism is often considered a consequentialist philosophical outlook because it both believes that outcomes can be predicted and because it judges actions based on their outcomes. Thus, utilitarianism is often associated with the phrase ‘the ends justify the means. ‘ Deontology: Deontology is an alternative ethical system that is usually attributed to the philosophical tradition of Immanuel Kant. Whereas utilitarianism focuses on the outcomes, or ends, of actions, deontology demands that the actions, or means, themselves must be ethical. Deontologists argue that there are transcendent ethical norms and truths that are universally applicable to all people. Deontology holds that some actions are immoral regardless of their outcomes; these actions are wrong in and of themselves. Kant gives a categorical imperative to act morally at all times. The categorical imperative demands that humans act in a way that their actions can be universalized into a general rule of nature. Kant believes that all people come to moral conclusions about right and wrong based on rational thought. Deontology is roughly associated with the maxim ‘the means must justify the ends. ‘ The conflict illustrated: A classic example illustrates the conflict between these two ethical systems. Suppose an evil villain holds you and ten other people at gunpoint and tells you that she will kill all ten of your fellow prisoners unless you kill one of them yourself. You have no doubts about the veracity of the villain’s threats; you believe fully that she will do as she says she will. Therefore, you have two options. The first option is to kill one of the ten people to save the lives of the other nine. The other option is to do nothing and watch the villain kill all ten people. Utilitarians would most likely conclude that you should kill the one person because it has the most beneficial outcome. Deontologists would most likely conclude that you should not kill the one person because killing another person is wrong as a universal moral truth. Utilitarianism’s answers to deontology: Utilitarianism’s first answer to deontology is to say that there are no ‘universal moral truths. Such truths are difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain. On the other hand, the benefits and disadvantages of actions are much more easily calculated. Thus, rather than relying on amorphous, vague moral truths to guide action we should look to more concrete ways of determining the ethics of a particular act. Also, utilitarianism would argue that deontology leads to morally untenable outcomes, such as i n the example above. Utilitarians would argue that the outcome of ten deaths is much less desirable than one. Thus, we should always look to the ends rather than the means to determine whether an act is ethical or not. Deontology’s answers to utilitarianism: Deontology’s first answer to utilitarianism is to say that the ends are illusory. That is, it is impossible to predict the outcomes of one’s actions with absolute certainty. The only thing one can be sure of is whether his or her actions are ethical or not based on the categorical imperative. Additionally, deontologists believe that we can only be responsible for our own actions and not the ctions of others. Thus, in the example above you are only responsible for your decision whether to kill the prisoner or not; the villain is the one making the unethical choice to kill the rest of the prisoners. One is only responsible for following the categorical imperative. Finally, deontologists argue that utilitarianism devolves into dangerous moral relativism where human beings are allowed to justify heinous acts on the groun ds that their outcomes are beneficial. How to cite Utilitarian Ethics, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Theory of Success Maruti Suzuki & Etihad Airways †Free Sample

Questions 1. Describe the theory relates to adoption, Aggregation and Arbitrage of success of Maruti Suzuki?2. Describe the theory relates to adoption, Aggregation and Arbitrage of success of Etihad Airways? Answers: 1. Maruti Suzuki: A better thinking, better process helps in better technology. It is what helps us create better cars and of course, a better way of life. In this way, cars and planes were made to ease the transportation system, but now it has become a very wide market. So there is a very big competition takes place. To promote and sell the products services in the market, companies make some marketing strategies and plans. There were two journal articles found about Maruti Suzuki, which can be discussed here as under: Maruti Suzuki touches cloud nine! Buy Maruti Suzuki: Deepak Mohoni (Retrieved from: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/maruti-suzuki) The first article relates to Singapore which shows that Maruti Suzuki ranks number one in customer satisfaction. With the new sales of new vehicles for second year it satisfies JD power Asia Pacific 2005. Mr Mohit Arora says, performance of Maruti Suzuki reflects its approach to building promoting effective sales processes that are based on the voice of the customer. The second article says that while speaking to ET, Deepak Mohoni who is the Director was asked few questions on his stock recommendations. What stocks will you be recommending for today? Maybe today is not a brilliant day for trading. He said, Like yesterday, Two-way swings would stop out most things. But only on the long side and I suggest to go with Maruti Suzuki which had made fairly good moves at that time. And then he said, Maruti would be the preferred long term investment. Theory relates to adoption, Aggregation and Arbitrage of success of Maruti Suzuki (Source: serco.com) Adoption for Maruti Suzuki is creating a global value with changing in a companys offer to the meet local requirements or you can say preferences. This is probably the most widely used global strategy in the world. In the earlier time when market was covered by only main brands like the Ambassador and Premier Padmini, and when Maruti Suzuki Ltd entered the market of India with a very different strategy. The main strategy of the company was making compost by making an offer, modern fuel efficient car. Maruti released its first car which was Maruti 800 on December 14, 1983. It fulfilled the dreams of Indian customers and Maruti Suzuki became the market leader. From 1983 till now Maruti Suzuki has gradually offered a lot of choices to the consumer. Due to these heavy competitors today, Maruti Suzuki works with Innovative and New Marketing Strategies. With the continuing changing in needs, wants of people requirements of customers and also the markets, Maruti Suzukis Brand Positioning, Distribution Advertising strategy is altering. In todays worlds view the success of a company lies in restructuring structuring the strategies of market and innovation of services product continuum (Dr. K. Rajeswari Stella, 11). Rajkumar Gautam and Sahil Raj also decided that, to meet the challenges which are taken by globalization, plus the Indian automobile manufacturers who need to ensure about the technological advancement also appropriate marketing strategies adequate customer feedback system in the organizations (Maruti Suzuki | Innovation is About Progressive Improvement, 2013) Maruti was the only that leader in the utility-car segment sector of automobile industry, which controlled around 85% of the whole market by 1998. Because of increasing competition from local companies like Hindustan Motors, Telco, Mahindra and Mahindra other foreign companies like PAL, Daewoo, Ford, Toyota, Mitsubishi, the complete structure of the auto industry in India changed in the last decade and consequence of which was the decline of the profits as well as the market share for Maruti. At the same time Indian government permitted to foreign producers of cars to invest their money in automobile sectors. And also hold majority stakes. At the start of its decreasing profit/ loss of share of market, Maruti initiated some strategic replies to keep up with the liberalization process of India and started redesigning it, in order to face the competition in the market of India (Stephens Balakrishnan, 2011) 2. Etihad Airways There are two other journal articles, which have been found about Etihad and are as follows: Etihad Airways record profit in 2012 Fly Higher from Etihad Airlines ( Retrieved from: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/keyword/etihad-airways) The first article relates to Dubai. Etihad Airways is an Abu Dhabi based airline, which was again profitable in the year of 2012 after the profit of $14 million. James Hogan who is the president and CEO of Etihad Airways said that further details would be declared next month. He also said this while addressing the Conference of Global Airfinance. Hogan has talked about the portfolio of finance with more than around $6 billion used in funding. (Maruti Suzuki Celerio - Frugal Technologies Drive Growth, 14) The second article relates to Kochi. It was specified in the article that in September, the Etihad Airways have a big record of loading to from its hub of Abu Dhabi. Etihad Cargo, which is also part of Etihad Airways, has been seen to make a monthly record with 45,180 tons in Sept from 31,820 tons in the last year in the same month, with the increase in 43 per cent. The real reason of increase in it is strong demand from countries like India and Hong Kong (Sharma, 2014) Theory relates to adoption, Aggregation and Arbitrage of success of Etihad Airways Etihad Airways has a habit of being the winner of the Passenger Service Award of Air Transport World from time to time and last time was 2012. It has been recognized the excellent customer of the carrier, service, product and a premium level offerings of service across the cabins. Etihad Airways are also noted as it maintains a very genuine philosophy of service which is combined with the one of the best hospitality and comfort level with the help of all employees from almost more than 121 nationalities. Apart from that, it is also significant that Etihad maintained as well as improved its level of service towards its customers, particularly to its Far East customers. An important move by Etihad in the industry is the launch of its first services for its customers from Bangkok and Hong Kong, for providing options of personalized travel by using the fleet of executive jets of a modern luxurious kind. New private suites are named to next generation seatings by upgrading in First Class and Business Class. Another turnover of the industry when Etihad Airways had started operating the scheduled flights between Abu Dhabi Shanghai, China. Then it operates a non-stop commercial type of passenger flight, between two main hubs, in Shanghai Abu Dhabi with its first class world leading suites and with on-board chefs and entertainment system which is called as an E - box. Etihad Airlines ensured that all the travelers will have limitless access to the First as well as the lounge of Business Class in all of the airports in major cities of Thailand, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Bangkok was Etihads first ever long destinations in the Eastern countries the routes 7th year. In general, it is possible that Etihad Airways was rated below the average overall; it was better received by European audiences rather than by Asian audiences. The overall score was effected low ratings from Korea because of a lack of local language knowledge and content offered to them. Etihad Airways has always received big ratings in Visual Designing, like the usage of symbols animations (Al-Ali and Ahmad, 2014). Conclusion In the end, it can be said that there is a lot more to discuss about both companies according to AAA framework. This world is full of competitions. A company should be making strategies and plan so that they can work through it in order to achieve their goals. There are always need of innovations and new plans that is why every company keeps working on it. References Maruti Suzuki | Innovation is About Progressive Improvement. (2013).Auto Tech Rev, 2(1), pp.4-4. Maruti Suzuki India Reducing Carbon Footprint. (2013).Auto Tech Rev, 2(6), pp.50-52. Maruti Suzuki | Innovation is About Progressive Improvement. (2013).Auto Tech Rev, 2(1), pp.4-4. Sharma, R. (2014). Social Media Challenge: Analysis of sentiment in Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.GSTF Journal of Psychology, 1(2). Stephens Balakrishnan, M., Jayashree, P. and Michael, I. (2011). Etihad: contributing to the UAE vision through Emiratisation.Emir Mkts Case Studies, 1(1), pp.1-7. Etihad Airways: growth by successful strategic partnerships Al-Ali, H. and Ahmad, S. (2014). Etihad Airlines: growth through successful strategic partnerships.Em Mkts Case Studies, 4(5), pp.1-17. Stella, A. and Dr. K. Rajeswari, D. (2011). Appraisal of Marketing Practices of Maruti Udyog A Case Study of Maruti Udyog Limited.IJAR, 3(5), pp.97-99. Stephens Balakrishnan, M. (2011). Etihad Airways: reputation management an example of the Eyjafjallajkull Iceland volcano.Em Mkts Case Studies, 1(4), pp.1-17.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

war Essays (154 words) - Fruit Of The Holy Spirit, Nonviolence

dead warrior?s body. When policy-makers discuss issues of war and peace they structure policy to ensure the prosperity of their own nation. They think only about the effects on their nations. There are a number of viewpoints for deciding when war is appropriate, some based on morals, and some based on costs and benefits. America has had many a great leaders throughout its history who worked to preserve peace. Abraham Lincoln fought in the civil war to fight the injustices of the south, and to preserve the union. Franklin D. Roosevelt led our country against an evil man known as Hitler to prevent the world from further destruction caused by tyranny. John F. Kennedy managed a grueling thirteen days in which the nation feared a nuclear war against the Soviet Union, yet his great leadership in war and peace led this nation to peaceful negotiations with the Soviets War is an invention

Monday, November 25, 2019

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON Being mentioned a lot about descriptive type of essay, we would like to specifically focus on descriptive writing about a person. In this writing your will mention important characteristics that are interesting to the readers and will describe a person in particular. If you know the person, describe the characteristics that you admire about him/her. If you don’t, imagine that you know this person and focus on what you liked about that person in general. There are several ways to portray somebody in persuasive essay about a person. Talk about him in the context of his personal and career achievements. Be detailed about the persons story. You can write your essay as a persons description. Then focus on everything that will describe his character. Also, you essay can have an informative context. Write mostly interesting biography details about a person. Last but now least way is to present a narrative writing. For this matter imagine as if you are the described person and it will give you unique ideas of how to present the chosen person in you persuasive essay writing. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ABOUT A PERSON A strong accent of observation is needed for descriptive type of paper. We can write a perfect descriptive essay about a person for you upon your request. To give you more descriptive essay definition, observe the person and provide detailed descriptions about him or her. In this descriptive essay the supporting facts are vivid experiences that you decide to present as an author. Keep in mind that you have to focus on the subject that is strictly a description. You have the ability to show a certain experience, or interesting place, or thing, or a person, or specific memory episode. Â   When writing a descriptive essay, it is important to base it on certain experiences that you have perceived personally. But most of all, it is important to find that interesting points that made you to share this experience with others as an author. You message is your desire to share the initial experience with the readers for them to have a certain impression. Include standard senses descriptions such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Draft Leadership Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Leadership Critique - Assignment Example One of the theories on leadership is by James Burns known as transformational theory of leadership. This theory is based on the belief that leaders and their followers work mutually in order to grow each other to higher levels of morality and motivation. It mostly involves engaging the minds and hearts of the employees (Ray, 2013, 59). It is beneficial in ensuring that everyone in the organization eventually reaches a higher sense of motivation, satisfaction with their work and a greater sense of achievement. In order for this kind of leadership to be successful, there is a need for a certain level of trust and concern rather than having control over the employees. This theory implies that leaders can only make employees follow in their footsteps of they also follow what they preach. Some of the main criticism of this theory is that it is too enlist and places too much emphasis on heroic aspects of leadership. The expected end result of this is that the followers are bound to be oppressed in a certain way. Transformational leaders rule under the notion that they have some sort of special abilities that their employees have no access to. Consequently, the destiny of their followers is tightly linked to the ambitions of their leaders. Secondly, in this kind of leadership, there is a likelihood that followers by be manipulated by their leaders and eventually end up losing more than they gain (Lussier & Achua, 2010, 39). Transactional theory of leadership, on the other hand, is based on the idea that the relationship that exists between leaders and their employees develops from the exchange of some form of reward (Bertocci, 2009, 56). The reward could be in terms of salary, praise, recognition or performance ratings. The main limitation of this form of leadership is that it implies that leaders will only reward employees when their

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

International Management - Essay Example ers have reported the co existence of contrasting ends of the continuum of the models that have been described in nation like India, Russian, china and others. Culture will be described in this paper by looking at the qualifications of culture development from a multidisciplinary point of view. The typology of antecedents elucidates the likelihood of unpredictability within the nationalized culture and as well elucidates the fact that culture may perhaps not be bound by state boundaries (Triandis 2002b). It became very difficult to explain a complex phenomenon like culture basing arguments on tow layers yet the problem was like an onion model. Basically multifaceted approach was the best way to go. There are tow famous models of explanations to culture (Adler 2002). Trompenaars and Hampde-Turner Model- they also adopt the onion model concept of describing culture. Nonetheless, their model increases the core level of the very basic two encrusted model, to a certain extent than the outer level. In their perspective, culture is comprised of basic assumptions at the centre point. The fundamental assumptions are to some extent comparable to the values in the Hofstede model (Hall 1996). Hofstede Geert- he described culture as a collection of aspect that programs the mind and differentiates the elements of one grouping or class of people from another. He proposed four layers each of which included lower level being a model of a peeled onion, layer after layer. Figure 1 shows how Hofstede indicated the differences between culture, personality and human nature (Hofstede & McCrae 2004). One weakness of the cross-cultural analyses is the failure to go beyond the predisposition to equate culture with the conception of the country. A nation state is a political unit which consists of an independent state populated primarily by inhabitants sharing a universal culture, language/languages and history. Cultures do not have strict borders like nations or states. Its appearance

Monday, November 18, 2019

Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy - Essay Example The Governor of Texas, John Connally and his better half was also present there inside the car along with Mr. & Mrs. Kennedy. Sitting in a Lincoln convertible, the Kennedys and Connallys waved at the extensive and energetic swarms assembled along the parade way. As their vehicle passed the Texas School Book Depository Building at 12:30 p.m., Lee Harvey Oswald supposedly shot three shots from the sixth storey, lethally wounding President Kennedy and genuinely harming Governor Connally. Kennedy was professed dead 30 minutes after the fact at Dallas Parkland Hospital. He was 46. Following the incident, several investigative sources stated several reasons behind the assassination of the President. There were numerous questions among the general public like, â€Å"who killed the president?† and â€Å"why he was killed?† this report will find the answers for these questions. Thus the thesis statement here can be established as, â€Å"exploring the mystery behind the presiden t’s murder and finding out the most reasonable theory related to the murder†. Maybe the focal mystery is the means by which a man who appeared to be a loser could execute such a horrendous action. Lee Harvey Oswald was aimless, to a great extent alone, distracted, as per the official Warren Commission report. Yet in seconds, he changed the course of history. History is loaded with ludicrous truths – yet regardless. The single shooter hypothesis is one numerous Americans discover hard to acknowledge. The Warren Commission, headed by US Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, stated that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. At the same time today, 61 percent of the respondents to another Gallup survey still say they accept somebody other than Oswald was involved in the case. There are three more mysteries related to the incident. Thin at the starting, they open to uncover bigger inquiries at the close. Numerous investigators pose to

Friday, November 15, 2019

CRISP methodology

CRISP methodology Well we got 2 data sets to analysis using SPSS PASW 1) Wine Quality Data Set and 2) The Poker Hand Data Set. We can do this using CRISP methodology. Let us look what is CRISP by wikipedia CRISP-DM stands for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining It is a data mining process model that describes commonly used approaches that expert data miners use to tackle problems. PASW Modeler is a data mining workbench that enables you to quickly develop predictive models using business expertise and deploy them into business operations to improve decision making. Designed around the industry-standard CRISP-DM model, IBM SPSS PASW Modeler supports the entire data mining process, from data to better business results. CRISP DM, Clementines own lightweight methodology of 5 stages Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation Modelling, Evaluation and Deployment. CRISP Methodology Business Understanding: Understanding the project requirements objectives from a business perspective, and then converting this knowledge into a data mining problem definition Data understanding In this step following activities are going on, Data understanding, Collecting Initial Data then describing Data, Exploring Data and lastly verifying Data Quality The data preparation phase Tasks include table, record, and attribute selection as well as transformation and cleaning of data for modeling tools.Cleaning Data using appropriate cleaning and cleansing strategies then Integrating Data into a single point. Modeling: Selection and application of various modeling techniques done in this phase, and their parameters are adjusted to optimal values. Basically, there are more than one technique for the same data mining problem type. Some techniques have specific requirements on the form of data. Therefore, stepping back to the data preparation phase is often needed. Steps consist of Generating a Test Design, Building the Models assessing the Model Evaluation Building of model (or models) takes place in this phase. Before proceeding to final deployment of the model, it is important to more thoroughly evaluate the model, and review the steps executed to construct the model. Deployment In the final stage Knowledge gained is organized presented so that an end user can easily use it. As per the requirements this can be a report or a complex data mining process. Normally Customers carry out the deployment step Wine quality data set Wine quality is modeled under classification and regression approaches, which preserves the order of the grades. Explanatory knowledge is given in terms of a sensitivity analysis, which measures the response changes when a given input variable is varied through its domain The red wine data set contains 1600 samples out of which I have selected 200 random samples and doing the analysis(Data mining cannot discover patterns that may be present in the larger body of data if those patterns are not present in the sample being mined ) .So I selected the data set bearing in mind. The data set I have selected has high confidence. With measurements of 13 chemical constituents (e.g. alcohol, Mg) and the goal is to find the quality of red and white wine. Input variables 1 fixed acidity 2 volatile acidity 3 citric acid 4 residual sugar 5 chlorides 6 free sulphur dioxide 7 total sulfur dioxide 8 density 9 pH 10 sulphates 11 alcohol Output variable is quality (score between 0 and 10) CRISP methodology has been followed through out the phase .By checking the web site and resources learned about the wine domain .the next step was to check whether incorrect, missing or abnormal values in the data set end ensure the data quality. Data quality of the data set is very good. PASW Data stream classification of red and white wines Classification for Red and White wine 2 data sets red wine and white wine have been imported using variable file nodes Use of type node here is to describe the characteristics of data. . The Classification and Regression (CR) Tree node is a tree-based classification and prediction method. Similar to C5.0, this method uses recursive partitioning to split the training records into segments with similar output field values. The CR Tree node starts by examining the input fields to find the best split, measured by the reduction in an impurity index that results from the split. The split defines two subgroups, each of which is subsequently split into two more subgroups, and so on, until one of the stopping criteria is triggered. All splits are binary (only two subgroups) Red Wines variable importance White wine variable importance From variable importance diagram we can say that important attribute to determine Red wine quality is pH. The variable importance is in the order pH, citric acid, chloride as shown in the figure1. But for determining White wines quality the most contributing attribute is chloride and 2nd attribute is Alcohol. Analysis and conclusion The above generated tree consists of nodes and its children. The top node represent the total number of wine samples and how many number belongs to different categories(1 to 9).The first split is on chloride. This implies that most of the wine belongs to chloride level0.041.We see that good quality wine has chloride level It has been found from count Vs Quality graph that how many belongs to good quality categories. Alcoholic concentration of white wine samples is more than that of red wine sample. Good wines normally have high concentration. So we can conclude that White wine samples are good. In the white wine chloride level is normally high that implies it has got good Aroma. Where as in red wine the citric level is between particular levels that shows the red wine is very tasty!! PASW has got a number of 2-D and 3-D charts like bar, pie, histogram, scatter etc for time being I am using linear graph and 3-d scatter graph. You can use any of the graph as per the requirements. Some graphs are easy to interpret .Let us consider a 2-D graph between most contributing variable pH and quality from the graph it is clear that the relation ship between pH and quality is in such a way that if pH is in between 3.23 and 3.27 quality is good. Quality is very low for 3.38 and 3.50.We can plot similar graph between quality and citric acid or towards what ever contributing variable then find out the relation ship between them Let us plot a graph between chloride and Quality for the white wine. In the below figure it shows the quality is very good when chloride level below 0.036.And quality in the range 5 to 6 when chloride level is above .048. Like this if plot a graph between quality and alcohol we will see the quality is too good if alcoholic concentration in between 12.5 and 13(as per the sample I have analyzed) 3D graph which shows the relation ship between alcohol, quality and chloride level of white wine from the 2d analysis it was shown how the quality is being affected by single variable. If the one variable does not tell about how quality being related we can check relation ship between 3 variables using a 3d graph. It is having 3 axes. How Regression is useful In this multiple regression ,Predictors such as (Constant), alcohol, fixed acidity, residual sugar, chlorides, volatile acidity, free sulfur dioxide, sulphates, pH, total sulfur dioxide, citric acid, density determine the value of quality. Below gave a Pasw stream for regression. Each by changing the independent variables value we can get value of dependent variable quality. With the help of a hypothesis we need to understand and build a relation ship among the variables. To predict the mean quality value for a given independent variable (say volatile acidity) we need a line which passes between the mean value of both quality and volatile acidity and which minimize the sum of distance between each of the points and predictive line. This fits into a line. The Poker Hand Data Set Each record is an example of a hand consisting of five playing cards drawn from a standard deck of 52. Each card is described using two attributes (suit and rank), for a total of 10 predictive attributes. There is one Class attribute that describes the Poker Hand. The order of cards is important and there are 480 possible Royal Flush hands. Below discussing about how to determine poker hands using data mining. I am considering classification only. If we consider clustering/Regression it does not make any sense PASW MODEL CLASSIFICATION USING CRT ALGORITHAM We got training and testing data set .First applying a model on training data set. Source file is a Comma separated file (CSV) with 1 million rows. It is difficult to do analyse on this input data set so selected sample data set and doing the analysis. Problem faced The given source data was not in a meaning full format so I have given meaningful attribute name and Values by using Vlookup function in MS excel, now the data has become more meaning full and it looks like below. Data cleansing is very important and comes under data preparation phase of the methodology Accuracy of predictive model The accuracy of predictive model is checked by analysis node. It has been found that accuracy is 90%. Using the Algorithm need to predict any of these: 0: Nothing in hand; 1: One pair;2: Two pairs;3: Three of a kind;4: Straight;5: Flush; 6: Full house;7: Four of a kind;8: Straight flush;9: Royal flush; Let me say what did I understood from the diagram. Rank2 (rank of card2) is most contributing variable to predict poker hands. It is clear that Rank of 1st, 4th and 2nd cards are more contributing than suit of those cards. The different section of pie chart represents number of cards in a particular poker category. Blue represents No Poker; Red represents ONE PAIR, Green represent Royal flesh How Pasw helps to do classification Pasw has got number tree constructing algorithms(CR, c5.0) to do classification. I considered Classification and Regression (CR) though this is not a time efficient algorithm time complexity is more when compared to c5.0)I selected CR.The data set I have got is simple one and I am not considering the deep analysis all I need to do is to predict poker hands so CR can do it. Below shows the constructed tree using CR (Ashort description of tree already given above) Analysis Data has been classified into Training set and Testing set .Here most of the data set into a training set and small portion of data is used for testing.After a model has been processed by using the Training set, we can test the model by making predictions against the Test set. Since the data in the training set already contains known values for the attribute that you want to predict. Below giving the portion of training set being used. Abstract Now-a-days Using the high power computing and information technology enables to collect store and process complex Marketing data. Data mining is used to extract knowledge from this marketing data. This report discuss about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used Introduction From the given topics I have selected the topic Data mining and Knowledge discovery for marketing since my cup of tea is Business and computing. I would always like to do research in Business analytics .Well let us look at what is data mining Data mining is the process of discovery of interesting, meaningful and actionable patterns hidden in large amounts of data . This is one of the tools to transform data into information. It is widely used in almost all fields of science and business profiling practice such as marketing, fraud detection, and scientific discovery. The technique to uncover pattern on data can also apply on sample data .so the sample data should be so the sample should be a good representative of larger data set. data mining can not find out the pattern which may be present in larger body of data and not contains in the small sub set of data. So this is very useful when sufficiently represented data are collected Most well known branches of data mining is knowledge discovery or KDD It derives knowledge from input data .This knowledge which have got from the process will become additional data and can be used for further discovery in related field normally an analyst can analysis and predict it.DM can generate thousands of pattern but all these patterns are not interested and useful. In this I am considering Data mining in a marketing field prospective. The data coming from different sources like transactions, loyalty cards, and discount coupons; customer complaint calls public life style studies using this data we can make Target marketing like n to identify appropriate customer segments for new marketing initiatives n determine customer purchasing pattern over time n associations/co-relations between product sales, predict based on such association I mean cross market analysis n what type of customer buys what type of product that is customer profilin n Predict likelihood of customer churn and target those likely to leave with retention campaigns n Customer requirement analysis like Identify the best products for different groups of customers and Predict what factors will attract new customers n Provision of summary information such as Multidimensional summary reports and Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation) Another question is why can not we go for a traditional data analysis instead of data mining? Answer is the field like marketing has tremendous Amount of data and it has multi dimension and complexity.A Marketing firm would likely to segment their customers into similar groups or clusters in order to better understand consumer behavior and more effectively market their products. In the past for a small business initiatives did not have trouble to understand their customers. They knew what they have to do once a customer approach them .Todays business is more competitive, more customer oriented, more products oriented so it is very difficult to understand the customer behavior, wants, needs the hidden relation ship between the data and preferences. With the help of data mining an analyst can deliver timely, personalized promotional offers. Normally in the huge DWH data mining environment data coming from various sources integrated and put it in data warehousing. Various data mining soft wares like teradata intelligent miners are used to mine Tera bytes of data and find market prediction. As I mentioned the DM is a Tools for developing predictive and descriptive models. Some are statistical method such as regression. Other use non statistical method like neural networks, classification trees. Here I considered some important tools then their How Classification trees are being used in marketing data mining Classification tree partition the data to maximize the difference in the dependent variable. it is also called a decision tree. Aim of classification tree is to classify the data into distinct groups or branches that create the strongest separation in the values of the dependent variables.The tree can identify segments. This can be helpful when a company is trying to understand what is driving market behavior. It detects nonlinear relationship. The tree growth is through series of steps and rules .say for example sales pieces were mailed to 100000 names and yielded a response rate of 2.6%.the first split is on gender. This indicates that greatest difference between responders and non responders is gender. We see that males are much more responsive than females. We would consider males the better target group If we stop after one split. Our goal is to find out group with in both genders that discriminates between responders and non responders. In the next level split male and female groups are considered separately The second level split from the male node is on income, this implies that the income level varies in most between responders and non responders among the males. For female greatest difference is among the age group .It is very easy to identify the group with the highest response rate. Lets say that management decides to mail only to groups where the response rate is more than 3.5%.the offers would be directed to males who makes more than  £30000 a year and female over age 40 Some typical Classification tree Algorithms are 1) C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann., 1993. 2) CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984 Linear regression and its applicability in marketing Knowledge of deviation from normal is very important for a marketer. In the past such deviations were very difficult to detect. Now-a-days data mining tools give great flexibility to detect and classify these changes. It is a statistical technique that quantifies the relationship between dependent variable and the independent variable, these are continuous. Consider the below equation, it shows a relation ship between sales and advertising along the regression equation .Our goal is to predict the sales based on the amount spend on advt. Plot a graph sales vs. advt that would be linear. A key measure of the strength of the relationship is the R-square. It measures the amount of overall variation in data that explained by the model. More than 70% Of the variation in sales can be explained by variation in advertising. Some times the relationship between sales and Advt is non linear (may be curvilinear) .By using the square root of advertising we are able to find better fit for the data. When building targeting models for marketing, risk and CRM, it is common to have much predictive variable. Using multiple predictive or independent continuous variables to predict a single continuous variable is called multiple linear regression .Targeting model created using linear regression is generally very robust. In marketing they can be used alone or in combination with other model. Neural Networks and its applicability in marketing Neural network does not follow any statistical distribution (Neural network is very vast topic a complete discussion is beyond the scope of this report) .it is modeled after the function of the human brain. The process is one of pattern recognition and error minimization. we can say it as nodes that are arranged in layers. The figure tells simple neural network with one hidden layer. Data has been classified into training and testing set (before the process).Then weight or input is assigned to each of the nodes in the first layer. During each iteration ,the input are processed through the system and compared to the actual value .the error is measured and fed back through the system to adjust the weights. The weights get better at predicting the actual results. A error limit is defined and it check with the error limit the process finishes when the minimum error limit reached One specific type of neural network commonly used in marketing uses sigmoidal functions to fit each node. This technique is very powerful in fitting a binary or twoilevel outcome such as response to an offer or a default on a loan Neural network not only pick linear data but also do a good pick up with non linear relation ship in the data. So this allows fitting data which is not possible to fit using regression. One disadvantage we can say that the result of neural net work is some what difficult to interpret A brief description on how Clustering can applicable in data mining Cluster analysis Cluster analysis group respondents with similar behaviors, preferences, or characteristics into segments. By doing so we can understand important similarities and differences between the respondents. Analyst can use this information to develop targeted marketing strategies, or to provide subgroups for analysis. In market survey data, clustering enables market researchers to group respondents who provide similar responses on several questions. In Clustering we use more than one variable that analyzes responses to several questions in order to find similar respondents. Clustering is based on the concept of creating groups based on their proximity to, or distance from, each other. Respondents within a cluster, therefore, are relatively homogenous. Most widely used Algorithms are 1)K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967 2) BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishna, R., and Livny, M. 1996. BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In SIGMOD 96 Let us look at some more major areas of application of data mining in the marketing like Customer profiling, Deviation analysis and Trend analysis. The pattern which formed after mining the data helps in analytics.M Customer profiling This help to predict several marketing decision. A customer profile is a model of customer based on this marketer decides on the right strategies and tactics to meet the needs of that customer .The data mining task used in customer profiling can be dependency analysis, class identification and concept description. Below giving set of transaction that can help marketer to construct useful customer profiles. Frequency of purchases Marketing firm can build targeted promotion offer such as frequent buyer programs by looking how often their customer purchases product from their shop. Rcency of purchases The meaning of term is How long has it been since this customer last placed an order? Suppose a customer frequently visit the shop.It has been found that the specific customer or customer group not visiting the firm over long period of time .Market investigate the reason. By knowing this they can take appropriate offer or action. Size of purchases It tells, on a particular transaction how much he or she spends. This information helps to give resources to those customer groups. Identifying typical customer groups It gives characteristics of each group .For example a profile indicating that the customer has purchased a WINDOWS 7 SOFTWARE CD may hold to the marketer offering a special deal for MICROSOFT OFFICE SOFTWARE CD. Prospecting Customer profiles like buying patterns, give clues to the marketer on prospective customers. Say for example, consider the pattern Purchase of Norton Anti Virus package with one year validity is followed by purchase of Norton Up gradation version /or new version within 11 months about 85% of the time by high income customers discovered by data mining. Analyst who analysis pattern can identify the prospective customers for Upgraded/new version based on first time purchase details and tailor the mail catalog accordingly, thus, increasing the prospect of sales. 2 Deviation analysis Deviation analysis is one of the important analysis for example a higher than normal credit purchase on a credit card can be a fraud anomaly or a genuine purchase by the customer changes.Once a deviation has been discovered as a fraud, the marketer takes appropriate steps to prevent such frauds and initiates corrective action.If the deviation has been discovered as a change, further information collection is necessary. For example, a change can be that a customer got a new job and moved to a new house. In this case, the marketer has to update the knowledge about the customer. 3) Trend analysis Trends are patterns that persist over a period of time. Trends could be short-term trends like the immediate increase and subsequent slow decrease of sales following a sales campaign. Or, trends could be long-term, like the slow flattening of sales of a product over a few years. Data mining tools, such as visualization, help us detect trends, sometimes very subtle and hidden in the database, which would have been missed using traditional analysis tools like scatter plots. In marketing decisions, trends can be used for evaluating marketing programs or to forecast future sales. The market basket analysis gives the relationship between different product purchased by a customer .Using this techniques we can develop marketing strategy for promoting product that have dependency relationship in customers mind. Class identification It groups customers into classes which are defined in advance. Mathematical taxonomy and clustering are being used for class identification task. What the first one does is it maximizes the similarity with in classes but minimize similarity between classes. In clustering approach it determine the clustering according to attribute similarity as well as conceptual cohesiveness as defined by domain knowledge (describe above). A company doing business over the net, based on the session log data of internet users, the firm can classify the web users into email only users Surfers or Just for fun Surfer etc This kind of softwares allows the market research team or concerned people to view complex 3-D and 2-D patterns. They also provide drill down drill up slice facilities. In the KDD (knowledge discovery from data base) process, data visualization is used in association with other tasks such as dependency analysis, class identification, deviation detection and clustering. IBM SPSS PASW has got good data visualization techniques. Some of them are explained in Part 1 of the report. Conclusion Report discussed about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used. Most of the big firms in the UK already implemented data mining environment for their business analytics. Some disadvantages may be difficulty to find out data mining expert and building the environment is costly. With regards to data mining privacy is another issue organization are most concerned about.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Solar Power for Homes Essay -- Solar PV Panels Photovoltaic Cells

Harnessing the Sun’s Energy: Solar Power for Homes The use of solar power is all around us. Calculators, roadside emergency telephones, and street-side speed radars all utilize the sun’s limitless rays to provide power for their simple functions. As simple as these functions may be, solar power is nonetheless capable of powering much greater things. The technology and motivation for this exists; all the planet needs is time and funding before it becomes a planet powered solely by the luminous rays of the great sun. But before this universal shift towards solar power happens, citizens have the choice and ability to install their own personal solar power system for their private homes. After weighing the advantages against the disadvantages, the correct choice should be clear. The sun has been a candidate for a universal power source for centuries. Since as early as 1839, scientists have been researching the concept of photovoltaic cells, in an effort to effectively collect electrical power from the sun’s rays. According to a professor at the University of Oregon, the entire surface of the earth receives an average of approximately 84 Terawatts of power from the sun in a 24-hour day (University of Oregon, 2001). Research done by the Energy Information Association shows that the annual worldwide power consumption in the year 2004 was 15 Terawatts (EIA, 2006). Clearly, the sun provides us with much more energy than we need. Moreover, this energy does not produce waste and is overly available, as shown by the fact that the planet earth intercepts more energy from the sun than is used in an entire year through the burning of fossil fuels (EIA, 2006). The question at hand is, what is keeping us from converting into a civilization tha... ...ea [Online Image], Retrieved Aug 1, 2007, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Solar_land_area.png Smith, C. (1995, July 18) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html Solar. (2006, June 1) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html Solar Cell. [Online Image]. (2005). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_systems.html Solar Two [Online Image]. (2006). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html Williams, W. (2007, August 1) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.energyefficienthomearticles.com/Article/energy-efficient-homes---solar-power----Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Solar-Powered-Home-/5906 Xiarhos, M. (2007, July 13) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.enn.com/energy.html?id=1653 Solar Power for Homes Essay -- Solar PV Panels Photovoltaic Cells Harnessing the Sun’s Energy: Solar Power for Homes The use of solar power is all around us. Calculators, roadside emergency telephones, and street-side speed radars all utilize the sun’s limitless rays to provide power for their simple functions. As simple as these functions may be, solar power is nonetheless capable of powering much greater things. The technology and motivation for this exists; all the planet needs is time and funding before it becomes a planet powered solely by the luminous rays of the great sun. But before this universal shift towards solar power happens, citizens have the choice and ability to install their own personal solar power system for their private homes. After weighing the advantages against the disadvantages, the correct choice should be clear. The sun has been a candidate for a universal power source for centuries. Since as early as 1839, scientists have been researching the concept of photovoltaic cells, in an effort to effectively collect electrical power from the sun’s rays. According to a professor at the University of Oregon, the entire surface of the earth receives an average of approximately 84 Terawatts of power from the sun in a 24-hour day (University of Oregon, 2001). Research done by the Energy Information Association shows that the annual worldwide power consumption in the year 2004 was 15 Terawatts (EIA, 2006). Clearly, the sun provides us with much more energy than we need. Moreover, this energy does not produce waste and is overly available, as shown by the fact that the planet earth intercepts more energy from the sun than is used in an entire year through the burning of fossil fuels (EIA, 2006). The question at hand is, what is keeping us from converting into a civilization tha... ...ea [Online Image], Retrieved Aug 1, 2007, from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Solar_land_area.png Smith, C. (1995, July 18) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html Solar. (2006, June 1) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html Solar Cell. [Online Image]. (2005). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_systems.html Solar Two [Online Image]. (2006). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html Williams, W. (2007, August 1) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.energyefficienthomearticles.com/Article/energy-efficient-homes---solar-power----Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Solar-Powered-Home-/5906 Xiarhos, M. (2007, July 13) Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.enn.com/energy.html?id=1653